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- <text id=92TT2309>
- <title>
- Oct. 15, 1992: Seeking a Godlike Power
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1992
- Oct. 15, 1992 Special Issue: Beyond the Year 2000
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- SPECIAL ISSUE: MILLENNIUM -- BEYOND THE YEAR 2000
- THE CENTURY AHEAD, Page 58
- Seeking a Godlike Power
- </hdr><body>
- <p>Genetic science promises to deliver the blueprint for human
- life
- </p>
- <p>BY LEON JAROFF
- </p>
- <p> Staring at the walls of doctors' offices while awaiting
- their turn, 21st century Americans may see a colorful chart
- hanging next to the traditional diplomas and the renderings of
- skeletal parts and organs. It will depict the 23 pairs of human
- chromosomes and pinpoint on each one the location of genes that
- can predispose people to serious disease.
- </p>
- <p> By then, scientists involved in the $3 billion Human Genome
- Project will have isolated and identified most or all of the
- more than 100,000 genes crammed into the human genome, the
- strand of DNA in the nucleus of each of the body's 100 trillion
- cells (with the exception of red blood cells, which have no
- nuclei). And scientists will have sequenced, or placed in
- order, the 3 billion chemical code letters in that strand,
- giving them the ability to read nature's complete blueprint for
- creating a human being. As the project nears completion in the
- first decade of the next century, knowledge flowing from it will
- begin to have a major impact on medicine and other sciences,
- industry, agriculture, law and the environment. The stage will
- be set for an Age of Genetics that could rival the Industrial
- Revolution in its impact on society.
- </p>
- <p> In 15 or 20 years, predicts biologist Leroy Hood of the
- California Institute of Technology, doctors will be able to
- take a blood sample from a newborn infant, extract DNA from the
- blood and insert it into a machine that will analyze 100 or so
- genes. "That will give us DNA fingerprints of genes that
- predispose us to common kinds of diseases," Hood says. Based on
- the genetic profile, the computer will dispense some medical
- advice. It might say, "This individual has a tendency toward
- skin cancer and should avoid overexposure to the sun." Or: "He
- has insufficient LDL cholesterol receptors and a proclivity to
- obesity, so he should begin a high-fiber, low-fat diet at age
- 3." Explains Mark Skolnick, a geneticist at the University of
- Utah: "Once you can make a profile of a person's genetic
- predisposition to disease, medicine will finally become largely
- predictive and preventive." With the profusion of such profiles
- will come a demand for, and laws enforcing, genetic privacy, to
- ensure that those with potentially crippling or lethal genes
- are not discriminated against by employers or insurers.
- </p>
- <p> Other contentious issues will arise. Doctors will be able
- to detect many serious genetic diseases at the fetal stage,
- which will lead some parents to opt for abortion. But there
- will also be preventive measures for people who want to avoid
- passing their defective genes on to their children. When one
- parent carries the deadly and dominant gene for Huntington's
- chorea, for example, there is a 50% chance that any offspring
- will have it too. To reduce those odds to zero, doctors of the
- future will extract several eggs from the prospective mother
- and fertilize them in a test tube with her husband's sperm. When
- the fertilized eggs have grown to the 32- or 64-cell stage, the
- doctors will flick off a few cells from each and analyze their
- DNA. When they find an egg carrying a gene without the fatal
- defect, they will implant it in the uterus and allow the fetus
- to grow to term, free from the threat of Huntington's disease.
- </p>
- <p> For those who do inherit a deadly gene or two, research
- will provide drugs to alleviate the symptoms. The active
- ingredient in these drugs will be protein mass-produced by
- bacteria or by plants. In each case, healthy versions of the
- genes that have gone awry in humans will be inserted into the
- DNA of the producer. In the next several decades, the drug
- treatment will be supplemented or replaced by genetic
- engineering. Doctors will insert good genes into a patient's
- DNA, where they will take over the function of defective ones
- and actually cure the disorder. "The gene then codes for the
- production of the missing protein," explains University of
- Michigan geneticist Francis Collins, "and the protein is the
- drug. What you're delivering is the instructions instead of the
- product."
- </p>
- <p> Meanwhile, as public fears about genetic engineering fade,
- agricultural scientists will be producing new and revolu
- tionary plants. They have already inserted a variety of plant,
- animal and human genes into potato and tobacco plants,
- transporting the genes to their target in a bit of DNA from a
- bacterium that naturally infects plant cells. These hybrid
- plants now produce small quantities of natural polymers and
- chemicals for industrial purposes, proteins for medical use and
- enzymes for food processing. In the next few decades, they will
- become factories of mass production.
- </p>
- <p> The next century will bring hundreds of genetically
- engineered foods: disease-resistant fruits and vegetables with
- longer shelf life, starchier potatoes, beans with more protein.
- "We will come up with new varieties of low-fat, high-fiber
- foods that taste good and that people really want to eat," says
- Charles Cantor, principal scientist for the Energy Department's
- branch of the genome project. Plant genetics will also help the
- environment. Scientists envision placing genetically engineered
- plants on either side of expressways to extract lead and
- nitrous oxides from the air. Plants designed to absorb more
- carbon dioxide could help stem the advance of the greenhouse
- effect.
- </p>
- <p> All told, genetic technology will give humankind an almost
- godlike power to improve its condition. It will be one of
- society's major tasks in the 21st century to develop a moral
- and ethical code to match, and help control, this awesome
- ability.
- </p>
-
- </body></article>
- </text>
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